2018年2月2日 星期五

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2018/02/02 第202期 訂閱/退訂看歷史報份
 
 
紐時周報精選 不算漂亮但很難忽視 科技業改變舊金山天際線
多倫多未來城 引發「1984」式關切
紐時周報精選
 
不算漂亮但很難忽視 科技業改變舊金山天際線
文/李京倫
San Francisco's Skyline, Now Inexorably Transformed by Tech

The skyscraper came late to this city, a shipping and manufacturing hub for much of its existence. The wealthy roosted on the hills, and the masses toiled on the flats and the docks. Everyone lived close to the ground in a setting renowned for its natural beauty.

Now the things being shipped are virtual, and vast amounts of office space are needed to design, build and market them. Salesforce, a company that did not exist 20 years ago, took up residence Jan. 8 in the new Salesforce Tower, which at 1,070 feet is the tallest office building west of the Mississippi.

這棟摩天大樓對舊金山而言來得晚了。這座城市在歷史上多數時候是航運和製造業中心,以美麗的自然景色聞名,富人在山上歇息,普羅大眾在平地和碼頭上辛勤勞動,每個人都在離地面很近的地方生活。

如今,運輸的商品都是虛擬的,需要極大量的辦公空間來設計、打造並銷售這些商品。1月8日,一家20年前還不存在的公司Salesforce搬進全新的Salesforce大樓,樓高1070英尺(約326公尺),是密西西比河以西最高的辦公大樓。

本月初啟用的Salesforce大樓(右)改變舊金山的天際線。 (美聯社)

本月初啟用的Salesforce大樓(右)改變舊金山的天際線。 (美聯社)

In Silicon Valley, the office parks blend into the landscape. They might have made their workers exceedingly rich, they might have changed the world — whether for better or worse is currently up for debate — but there is nothing about them that says: We are a big deal.

Skyscrapers tell a different story. They are the pyramids of our civilization, permanent monuments of our existence. They show who is in charge and what they think about themselves. Salesforce Tower broke a San Francisco height record that had stood for nearly half a century.

在矽谷,辦公園區與自然風光融為一體。園區或許讓員工變得極其富有,也或許讓世界改變了—變好還是變壞目前尚無定論—不過這些園區完全無法傳達「我們很了不起」的訊息。

摩天大樓不同,是文明的金字塔,也是標誌我們存在的不朽紀念碑。它們展現了誰是掌權者及掌權者如何看待自己。Salesforce大樓打破舊金山維持了近半世紀的建築物高度紀錄。

"A ceiling has been breached," said Alison Isenberg, a professor of urban history at Princeton University. "Now the discussion becomes is this just a building that is taller than the ones we already had, or does it raise new questions about the nature of the city?"

Salesforce Tower is visible from just about everywhere. Go to the farthest edges of the city, and its 61 stories of tapered steel and glass stick up like a forceful thumb. On the drive north from the airport, the tower is the one building discernible over Potrero Hill. From the distant North Bay, it is the first thing you notice as San Francisco sheds its customary morning fog. The building catches the morning sun, dazzling the way none of its lesser neighbors do.

普林斯頓大學城市史教授艾莉森.艾森伯格說:「最高紀錄打破了,現在討論的主題變成,它只是一棟比已有建築物都要高的大樓嗎?或者它還讓我們重新思考這座城市的本質?」

無論在這座城市的哪個角落,你都能看到Salesforce大樓。走到最遠處的城市邊緣,你會發現這座61層高的鋼鐵和玻璃錐形大樓聳然而立,像個強有力的大拇指。從機場開車向北行駛,這棟大樓是波特雷羅山那一邊唯一可見的建築。從遙遠的北灣眺望,當經常籠罩舊金山的晨霧散開時,Salesforce大樓會是你看到的第一棟建築,它映著晨光,閃耀著附近較矮建物沒有的光芒。

The tower is not beautiful, but is impossible to ignore. The top floors are set off from the rest, and the crown is flat rather than a spire. It looks as if a rocket were stowed up there, an escape vehicle for the tech overlords when the city is consumed by disaster.

It will have to be a big rocket, because there are so many overlords. While few were looking, tech ate San Francisco, a development encouraged by Mayor Ed Lee, who unexpectedly died last month. There are now 79,129 high-tech jobs in the city, about triple the number a decade ago, according to a new research report from the real estate firm CBRE.

這座大樓不算漂亮,但很難忽視。它最高幾層樓的設計有別於其他樓層,而且頂部是平頂而非尖頂,整體看來就像一枚火箭立在那兒,像是舊金山毀於災難時為科技業霸主準備的逃生艙。

這還得是個很大的火箭,因為這裡的科技霸主還真多。在幾乎沒人注意的時候,科技業吞噬了舊金山,去年12月驟逝的市長李孟賢則對此持鼓勵態度。房地產公司「世邦魏理仕」全新研究報告顯示,目前舊金山共有79129個高科技業職位,是十年前的三倍。

文/David Streitfeld 譯/李京倫

說文解字看新聞

本文談的是科技公司進駐美國西部最高辦公大樓,顯示科技業在舊金山的主導地位。密西西比河(Mississippi River)是北美最大水系和最長的河流,一般以這條河作為美國東西部的分界線。

摩天大樓(skyscraper)一詞首見1880年代美國第一批摩天樓興建時。19世紀後半葉,美國都市商業日益發達,對辦公空間需求增大,摩天樓便應運而生。世界第一棟摩天樓是1885年建成的美國芝加哥家庭保險大樓,樓高10層,是第一棟使用鋼梁(steel-girder)的建築物。人類能興建摩天樓,主要是因為幾項技術同時發展到位:量產鋼材、發明安全快速的電梯、測量並分析結構荷重與應力(structural loads and stresses)。

Salesforce大樓很重要的意義是,它是美國以科技公司為「主要租客」(anchor tenant)的最高樓。主要租客是第一個承租百貨商場或大樓空間的公司,通常也是最大的公司,名聲響亮,能吸引其他租客和顧客。

過去一百年來,舊金山市中心的摩天樓主要是銀行、保險和航空公司的天下。

 
多倫多未來城 引發「1984」式關切
文/Ian Austen
譯/王麗娟

Plan for Toronto City of Future Raises Concerns Out of '1984'

For a city striving to become a major technology center, it was a prize catch: A Google corporate sibling would spend the coming year planning a futuristic metropolis in a derelict part of Toronto's waterfront.

When announcing this past fall that the company, Sidewalk Labs, had been chosen to create a city of tomorrow, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau of Canada promised the project would create "technologies that will help us build smarter, greener, more inclusive" communities. Even the nasty weather off Lake Ontario would be tamed, the developer pledged.

對於一個爭取成為主要科技中心的城市來說,這是中了大獎:谷歌企業的一家姐妹公司將在未來1年裡,將多倫多市濱水區1個廢棄區塊建設成1座未來都心。

去年秋天加拿大總理賈斯汀.杜魯多宣布「人行道實驗室」這家公司獲選,將負責創造一座明日城市時,同時承諾這個未來城計畫將開發「一些科技,有助我們打造更智慧、更綠色、更具包容性」的社區。開發商信誓旦旦,就連安大略湖邊的惡劣天氣也能馴服。

圖擷取自Sidewalk Labs

圖擷取自Sidewalk Labs

But tempering the excitement of some Toronto residents are concerns that are perhaps inevitable when it comes to a company renowned for collecting and analyzing data.

Quayside, as the project is known, will be laden with sensors and cameras tracking everyone who lives, works or merely passes through the area. In what Sidewalk calls a marriage of technology and urbanism, the resulting mass of data will be used to further shape and refine the new city. Lifting a term from its online sibling, the company calls the Toronto project "a platform."

不過,由於對方是1家以蒐集與分析數據聞名的公司,免不了衍生一些疑慮,也澆熄部分多倫多居民的興奮之情。

這項名為「碼頭區」的計畫將密布感應器和攝影機,追蹤生活、工作或僅是行經該區的每一個人。「人行道實驗室」稱之為技術與都市規劃結合的一項計畫,而它所產生的大量數據將用來進一步形塑和完善這座新城市。這家公司套用它網路姐妹公司谷歌的一個名詞,稱多倫多計畫為「一個平台」。

But extending the surveillance powers of one of the world's largest technology companies from the virtual world to the real one raises privacy concerns for many residents.

"It will be a political issue no matter what," said Shauna Brail, the director of the University of Toronto's urban studies program.

Quayside is the most significant new project for Sidewalk Labs, an urban technologies company that is part of Alphabet, Google's parent company. Set up in 2015, it is headed by Daniel L. Doctoroff, a former New York City deputy mayor and former chief executive of Bloomberg.

然而,舉世最大科技公司之一的監視能力將從虛擬世界延伸到現實世界,引發許多居民對隱私的關切。

多倫多大學城市研究計畫主任修娜.布雷爾說:「無論如何,它都會是一個政治議題。」

「碼頭區」是「人行道實驗室」的最重大新計畫,它是一家科技公司,也是谷歌母公司Alphabet旗下的一員。公司成立於2015年,負責人是曾擔任紐約市副市長與彭博資訊公司執行長的丹尼爾.多克托羅夫。

Pretty much everything in Quayside will be reimagined. Buildings will be prefabricated for the most part, and will be highly energy-efficient; breaking with traditional zoning rules, they will not have fixed uses. Packages will be delivered by robot; other robots will pick up the garbage.

But its data-collection capability may be the greatest distinction, and source of opposition, for the Sidewalk plan. Sensors inside buildings will measure such things as noise, while an array of cameras and outdoor sensors will track everything from air pollution to the movement of people and vehicles. The data gathered will influence long-term planning and development.

「碼頭區」內幾乎每一事物都將重新構思。建築物泰半會預鑄,且高度節能;新建築將突破傳統的分區規則,因此不會有固定的用途。包裹會用機器人遞送;收垃圾另由他種機器人負責。

不過,「人行道實驗室」的未來城計畫最大不同之處應該是它的數據收集能力,而反對這計畫的聲音也正因之而起。建築物內部的感應器將會測量諸如噪音之類的東西,而一系列攝影機和室外感應器將追蹤從空氣汙染到人車移動的所有事物。蒐集的數據將對長期的計畫與發展產生影響。

 
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