How YouTube Radicalized Brazil YouTube推薦極右派人物影片 使巴西變得更激進？

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2019/08/30 第277期 訂閱/退訂∣看歷史報份

紐時周報精選 How YouTube Radicalized Brazil YouTube推薦極右派人物影片 使巴西變得更激進？ Unearthed Steinbeck Story Is Seriously Amusing 史坦貝克喜感短篇 英文原貌面世

How YouTube Radicalized Brazil YouTube推薦極右派人物影片 使巴西變得更激進？ 文/Max Fisher and Amanda Taub 譯/陳韋廷 YouTube如何使巴西變得更激進 When Matheus Dominguez was 16, YouTube recommended a video that changed his life. He was in a band in Niterói, a beach-ringed city in Brazil, and practiced guitar by watching tutorials online. 當麥修斯·多明格茲16歲時，YouTube推薦了一段改變他人生的影片。他當時在巴西濱海城市尼泰羅伊的一個樂隊裡，觀看網路講解影片練吉他。 YouTube had recently installed a powerful new artificial intelligence system that learned from user behavior and paired videos with recommendations for others. One day, it directed him to an amateur guitar teacher named Nando Moura, who had gained a wide following by posting videos about heavy metal, video games and, most of all, politics. 當時YouTube剛安裝了一個強大的新人工智慧系統，可從用戶行為學習並跟推薦給他人的影片配對。某一天，它將多明格茲引導至名叫南多·莫拉的業餘吉他老師，此人上傳有關重金屬、電玩遊戲，特別是政治的影片，從而擁有廣大追隨者。 In colorful and paranoid far-right rants, Moura accused feminists, teachers and mainstream politicians of waging vast conspiracies. Dominguez was hooked. 莫拉用生動、偏執的極右翼言論指責女性主義者、教師及政客大搞陰謀，這讓多明格茲著了迷。 As his time on the site grew, YouTube recommended videos from other far-right figures. One was a lawmaker named Jair Bolsonaro, then a marginal figure in national politics — but a star in YouTube's far-right community in Brazil, where the platform has become more widely watched than all but one TV channel. 隨著他使用該網站的時間愈來愈長，YouTube推薦了其他極右派人物的影片，其中一位是名叫波索納洛的國會議員，當時他僅是全國政壇的邊緣人物，但在巴西YouTube的極右派社群中卻是個明星，而巴西所有電視頻道只有一個收視率超過這個平台。 Last year, he became President Bolsonaro. 去年，波索納洛成了總統。 "YouTube became the social media platform of the Brazilian right," said Dominguez, now a lanky 17-year-old who says he, too, plans to seek political office. 現年17歲、身材瘦高的多明格茲說：「YouTube成了巴西右派的社群媒體平台」，他表示自己也打算從政。 Members of the nation's newly empowered far right — from grassroots organizers to federal lawmakers — say their movement would not have risen so far, so fast, without YouTube's recommendation engine. 從基層組織者到聯邦國會議員，該國新近獲得權力的極右派成員表示，如果沒有YouTube的推薦工具，他們的運動不會崛起得這麼高、這麼快。 New research has found they may be correct. YouTube's search and recommendation system appears to have systematically diverted users to far-right and conspiracy channels in Brazil. 新研究發現他們可能說對了。YouTube的搜索和推薦系統似乎有系統地將用戶轉移到巴西的極右派和陰謀頻道。 A New York Times investigation in Brazil found that, time and again, videos promoted by the site have upended central elements of daily life. 紐約時報在巴西的一項調查發現，該網站推廣的影片一再顛覆日常生活的核心要素。 Teachers describe classrooms made unruly by students who quote from YouTube conspiracy videos or who, encouraged by right-wing YouTube stars, secretly record their instructors. 教師們表示，學生引用YouTube陰謀論影片的內容，或者受右派YouTube明星鼓勵偷錄自己老師，使得教室秩序失控。 Some parents look to "Dr. YouTube" for health advice but get dangerous misinformation instead, hampering the nation's efforts to fight diseases like Zika. Viral videos have incited death threats against public health advocates. 一些家長向「YouTube醫生」尋求健康建議，卻得到危險的錯誤資訊，阻礙了全國對抗茲卡病毒等疾病的行動。網路瘋傳的影片曾激起人們對公共衛生倡導者發出性命威脅。 And in politics, a wave of right-wing YouTube stars ran for office alongside Bolsonaro, some winning by historic margins. Most still use the platform, governing the world's fourth-largest democracy through internet-honed trolling and provocation. 而在政壇，一批右派YouTube明星與波索納洛一起競選公職，其中有些人以創紀錄的差距勝出。多數人仍使用這個平台，透過在網路上磨練出來的酸言酸語跟挑釁來治理這個全球第四大的民主國家。 YouTube's recommendation system is engineered to maximize watchtime, among other factors, the company says, but not to favor any political ideology. The system suggests what to watch next, often playing the videos automatically, in a never-ending quest to keep us glued to our screens. YouTube表示，該公司的推薦系統是為了將觀看時間極大化等因素而設計的，並非為了支持任何政治意識形態。該系統推薦接下來可觀看的影片，經常自動播放這些影片，無止境地要讓我們緊盯螢幕。 說文解字看新聞 近年極右派勢力在全球快速崛起，並透過YouTube和臉書等社群平台散播極右思想，危及現代多元社會，而常見新聞單字far right（極右派）指的是個人或組織政治立場位在政治光譜（political spectrum）的最右端，與之相對的則是far left（極左派），兩者均屬extremism（極端主義）。 grassroots則意指「草根大眾、基層民眾」，此字大量用於政治語境，像grassroots movement（草根運動）和grassroots revolt（草根起義）等等，相對應的是grasstops（草根領袖），而值得注意的是，grassroots常以複數型式出現。 此外，文中動詞片語run for指的是「競選、角逐」的意思，介系詞for的後面加上要競選之職位，例如競選市長為run for mayor，而另一片語seek political office意指「尋求政治職位」，至於要將人從某個職位趕下來，英文則是remove someone from office（革職、撤職）。 Unearthed Steinbeck Story Is Seriously Amusing 史坦貝克喜感短篇 英文原貌面世 文/Jacey Fortin 譯/李京倫 史坦貝克喜感短篇 英文原貌面世 John Steinbeck is best known for his weighty, quintessentially American classics like "The Grapes of Wrath" and "East of Eden." 史坦貝克最出名的作品，是沉重的典型美國文學傑作，如「憤怒的葡萄」和「伊甸園東」。 But one of his short stories, now published in English for the first time, is not about social injustice, arduous journeys or humanity's capacity for cruelty. Rather, it is a funny tale about a Parisian chef whose cooking companion is a cat. 不過，他的一篇短篇小說最近首次以英文發表，卻與社會不公不義、艱辛的旅程和人類殘酷的本性無關，而是一個有趣的故事，講一個巴黎主廚把寵物貓當作烹飪夥伴。 During a mid-20th-century stint in Paris, a city he loved, Steinbeck wrote a series of 17 short pieces, mostly nonfiction, for the newspaper Le Figaro. He composed them in English, and they were translated into French. One of those submissions, a fictional piece called "The Amiable Fleas," can be found in the new issue of The Strand Magazine, a literary quarterly based in Birmingham, Michigan. 史坦貝克20世紀中葉曾在他鍾愛的巴黎工作一陣子，這段期間他為費加洛報寫下一系列17篇短篇文章，多屬非小說。史坦貝克用英文寫作，報社再譯為法文。其中一篇是小說，題為「友善的跳蚤」，登在最新一期「河濱」文學季刊上。季刊總部設在密西根州伯明罕市。 The magazine has previously unearthed pieces by Ernest Hemingway and Raymond Chandler. In 2014 it featured another short story by Steinbeck, the Nobel Prize-winning author. 「河濱」曾發現海明威和美國已故推理小說家錢德勒未曾發表的文章，並曾在2014年特別介紹諾貝爾文學獎得主史坦貝克另一篇短篇小說。 Andrew F. Gulli, the Strand's managing editor, said that in his search for stories to publish, he hired a researcher who sifted through manuscripts at the Harry Ransom Center, a rare books and manuscripts collection at the University of Texas at Austin. 「河濱」執行編輯賈利說，為了尋找作家未曾發表的文章來刊登，他聘請一名研究人員在奧斯汀德州大學收藏珍本和原稿的哈利．藍森中心，爬梳過濾原稿。 In the story, a fictional restaurant called The Amiable Fleas is situated not far from the Place de la Concorde, a plaza along the Seine. (The restaurant could be a nod to Les Deux Magots, a cafe known as a famous gathering place for writers and artists that still exists.) It is run by a chef named Mr. Amité, who has received one Michelin star and is eager to earn another. 在這個故事中，一家虛構餐廳名為「友善的跳蚤」，坐落在離塞納河畔協和廣場不遠處。（這家餐廳可能暗指目前還存在的「雙叟咖啡館」，是著名的作家與藝術家聚集地。）餐廳由主廚阿密特先生經營，他已經獲得米其林一星，渴望再拿一顆。 "He's very, very flustered about everything," Gulli said. "He relies on his cat to taste the food and nod his approval or disapproval. The cat is a very magnificent cat named Apollo." 賈利說：「阿密特對每件事都非常非常緊張，他要靠他的貓來品嘗食物並決定味道夠不夠好，這隻貓派頭十足，叫阿波羅。」 If you'd like to read the 1,500-word story for yourself, the rest of this paragraph could spoil your appetite: On the day the Michelin inspector is expected to dine, there is a series of mishaps, and Mr. Amité steps on Apollo's tail. Then he kicks the cat, which stalks off to an alley in apparent anger. With Apollo gone, the meal is a disaster. 如果你想親身去讀這篇1500字的故事，這一段文字剩下的部分說不定會壞了你的胃口。就在米其林評審員要來用餐那一天，出了一大堆岔子，阿密特還踩到阿波羅的尾巴，然後他踹了那隻貓，貓顯然生氣了，昂首闊步走進了巷子。 But then comes a plot twist, a second chance and a revelation about a secret ingredient. 阿波羅走後，餐點一團糟。不過後來劇情有了轉折，出現了第二次機會，一種不為人知的食材揭露了出來。 "The Amiable Fleas" might seem like light fare for a writer better known as a chronicler of human suffering. But comedy was also important to Steinbeck, said Susan Shillinglaw, an English professor at San Jose State University in San Jose, California, and a former director of its Martha Heasley Cox Center for Steinbeck Studies. 史坦貝克以記錄人類苦難聞名，「友善的跳蚤」對他可能只是小菜一碟。不過，加州聖荷西「聖荷西州立大學」英文教授、曾任該校史坦貝克研究中心主任的蘇珊．席凌洛說，喜劇對史坦貝克也很重要。

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