2013年9月26日 星期四

中國的哲學家:孔子


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中國的哲學家:孔子

Confucius was a man who lived long ago in China. He grew up during a time of war and chaos. In spite of this, the Chinese made great advances during this time.

Great thinkers called philosophers wondered about their laws. They questioned, “Is this really right?” They asked others question, too. Because of this, the Chinese gained new ideas about how to live. Confucius was one of these thinkers. He changed Chinese culture. His teachings have influenced people for a long time and continue to do so today.

Choosing the Right Path

China’s history fascinated Confucius. He read many books about China that helped him think of ways his government could be better. When the Zhou Dynasty ended, Confucius watched things fall apart. He saw how the poor lived and watched their harvests fail. He saw the government abuse its power. Confucius wanted to help those in need, and he wanted to end wars and fighting. So he devoted his life to this cause.

Scholar and Teacher

Confucius decided to start a school. He invited both nobles and peasants to learn. This was unheard of back then. The people thought that only nobles could be educated. But Confucius knew that schooling would make people equal. He only asked one thing of his students: they had to love learning. He taught his students that the government should help everyone have better lives. He told his students to speak out against dishonest rulers. Because he spoke his mind, many rulers did not like him.

The Greatest Chinese Thinker

China would not be what it is today without Confucius’s teachings. Even though some of the original teachings were lost over the years, the basic ideas still exist.

Confucius thought a moral and just society came from two things: education and hard work. He knew that people were smart enough to think for themselves. They should be valued for what they could do for their society. He wanted people to use honest language. Confucius also believed that rulers should earn their titles. They should be virtuous people who share power.

Looking back, we can see that others have followed these ideas. If Confucius were alive today, he would be amazed. He died thinking that he had not changed China. In truth, Confucius’s honest language changed the world.

孔子是中國古代的人物,他成長於戰爭、動亂不安的年代。儘管如此,這時期的中國人有很大的進展。

偉大的思想家稱為「哲學家」,這些哲學家對律法感到疑慮。他們會問:「真的是這樣嗎?」以及其他的問題,中國人因此對如何生活有了新的看法。孔子便是這些思想家之一,他改變了中國文化,他的學說長久以來更影響了每一個中國人,至今依舊。

選擇正確的道路

孔子對中國的歷史很著迷。他讀了許多關於中國的書,有助於他想出改善國家的方式。當周朝滅亡時,孔子看到國家分崩離析。他目睹窮人是怎麼過日子、了解窮人農產歉收的窘境,也目睹政府濫用權力。孔子想要幫助貧苦者、想要結束戰爭與鬥爭。因此,他畢生都致力於這個目標。

學者與老師

孔子決定成立一個學派。他力邀貴族與農民一起來學習,這在當時是前所未聞的作法。當時的人認為只有貴族才能受教育,但是孔子了解唯有教育才能使人民平等。他只要求他的學生做到一件事:他們必須喜愛學習。他教導他的學生,政府應該要幫助每個人過得更好,也提點他們要公開反對不誠實的統治者。由於他坦率地說出他的想法,因此許多統治者並不喜歡他。

中國最偉大的思想家

若是沒有孔子的學說,中國就不會是現在這個樣子。多年以來,孔子的儒家思想已經有所改變,但是基本觀念仍然存在。

孔子認為一個有道德、正義的社會源自於兩件事:教育和勤奮學習。他知道人民夠聰明,有獨立思考的能力,人民應該要為其對社會的貢獻而受到重視。他希望人民誠實無欺,也深信統治者應該要在其位、謀其政,且應是能共享權力、道德高尚的人。

回顧過去,我們看到他人一直遵循著這些觀念。如果孔子今天還在世,他會感到很欣慰。他死時認為他並未改變中國,其實孔子的教誨改變了這個世界。

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